Appendix:English pronunciation
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Leekshitha
English[<small>మార్చు</small>]
The following tables show the IPA and enPR/AHD symbols which are used to represent the various sounds of the English language. The sounds of Received Pronunciation (RP, UK), General American pronunciation (GenAm, US), Australian English (AuE) and New Zealand English (NZE) are shown.
For vowels in other dialects, see Wikipedia's IPA chart for English.
- An image of an old version of these tables is available.
Vowels[<small>మార్చు</small>]
This vowel table lists both monophthongs and diphthongs.
| IPA | enPR / AHD | examples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg){kind=small} RP |
 GenAm |
 CanE |
 AuE |
 NZE
| ||
| ɑː | ɑ | ɒ | aː | ɐː | ä | father, palm |
| æ | ɛ | ă | bad, cat, ran[1][2] | |||
| æɹ | ɛɹ | ăr | carry | |||
| eɪ | æɪ | æe | ā | day, pain | ||
| ɑː | ɑɹ | aː | ɐː | är | arm, bard | |
| ɛə / ɛː(ɹ) | ɛɹ | eː | eə | âr | hair, there[3] | |
| ɛ | e | ĕ | bed[4] | |||
| ɛɹ | ĕr | merry | ||||
| iː | i | iː | ē | ease, see | ||
| ɪ | ɘ | ĭ | sit, city, bit | |||
| ɪ | i | city, very, ready | ||||
| ɪ̈ , ɨ | roses | |||||
| ɪə | ɪɹ | ɪə | iə | ĭr, îr | near, here, Sirius | |
| aɪ | aɪ (ʌɪ) | ɑe | ɑe | ī | my, rice | |
| ɒ | ɑ | ɒ | ɔ | ɒ | ŏ | not, wasp |
| əʊ | oʊ | əʉ | ɐʉ | ō | no, go, hope | |
| ɔə | oɹ, ɔɹ | ɔɹ | ōr | hoarse | ||
| ɔː | ɔ | ɒ | oː | oː | ô | law, caught |
| ɔː | ɔɹ | ôr | horse | |||
| ɔɪ | oɪ | oe | oi | boy, noise | ||
| ʊ | o͝o, ŏŏ | put, foot | ||||
| ʊə | ʊɹ | ʊə | ʉə | o͝or, ŏŏr | poor, tour, tourism | |
| uː | u | uː | ʉː | o͞o, ōō | lose, soon, through | |
| aʊ | aʊ (ʌʊ) | æo | ou | house, now | ||
| ʌ | a | ɐ | ŭ | run, enough, up | ||
| ɜː | ɝ, əɹ | ɝː | ɜː | ɵː | ûr | fur, bird |
| ə | ɘ | ə | about | |||
| ə | ɚ | ə | ɘ | ər | winner, enter[5] | |
- ↑ Sometimes transcribed IPA: /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
- ↑ See bad–lad split for more discussion of this vowel in Australian English.
- ↑ Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries include IPA: /ɛː/ (Oxford University Press) and IPA: /eə/.
- ↑ Sometimes transcribed IPA: /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ↑ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ] or (for transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations) as [ə(ɹ)].
Consonants[<small>మార్చు</small>]
| IPA | enPR / AHD | examples |
|---|---|---|
| b | b | but, web, rubble |
| tʃ | ch | chat, teach, nature |
| d | d | dot, idea, nod |
| f | f | fan, left, enough |
| ɡ | g | get, bag |
| h | h | ham |
| ʍ (hw)[1] | hw | which |
| dʒ | j | joy, agile, age |
| k | k | cat, tack |
| x | ᴋʜ | loch (in Scottish English) |
| l | l | left |
| l̩ (əl)[2] | l | little |
| m | m | man, animal, him |
| m̩ (əm)[2] | m | spasm, prism |
| n | n | note, ant, pan |
| n̩ (ən)[2] | n | hidden |
| ŋ | ng | singer, ring |
| p | p | pen, spin, top, apple |
| ɹ[3] | r | run, very |
| s | s | set, list, ice |
| ʃ | sh | ash, sure, ration |
| t | t | ton, butt |
| θ | th | thin, nothing, moth |
| ð | th | this, father, clothe |
| v | v | voice, navel |
| w | w | wet |
| j | y | yes |
| z | z | zoo, quiz, rose |
| ʒ | zh | vision, treasure |
- ↑ Some phonologists dispute that /ʍ/ is a distinct phoneme in English, and use /hw/ instead.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Some phonologists dispute that /l̩,/ invalid IPA characters (,), /n̩,/ invalid IPA characters (,), /m̩/ are distinct phonemes in English, and use /əl/, /ən/, /əm/ instead.
- ↑ Often written /r/, especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is not a trill.
Other symbols[<small>మార్చు</small>]
A stress mark is placed before the syllable that is stressed in IPA and after it in enPR / AHD.
| IPA | enPR (AHD) |
indicates |
|---|---|---|
| ˈ (ˈa) | ʹ (aʹ) | primary stress, as in rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/ |
| ˌ (ˌa) | ' (a') | secondary stress (or sometimes tertiary stress), as in battleship /ˈbætl̩ˌʃɪp/ |
| a.a | a-a | division between syllables |
| ̩ | syllabic consonant, as in ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] | |
| ʔ | glottal stop, as in uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/, [ˈʌ̆ʔ˦oʊ˨] |
Note: The EnPR and print AHD marks are formatted slightly differently. Online, AHD writes both ', though they do not always represent the same phoneme.
See also[<small>మార్చు</small>]
- Wikipedia's article on English phonology
- Wikipedia's IPA chart for English dialects (and for conversion to ASCII, the SAMPA chart for English)
- Wikipedia:IPA for English
- Wikipedia:United States dictionary transcription and Pronunciation respelling for English
- an English vowel wheel
References[<small>మార్చు</small>]
External links[<small>మార్చు</small>]
- Learning the IPA for English, (Standard American English)
- Online keyboard with MP3 sound files for IPA symbols
- IPA chart with AIFF sound files for IPA symbols
- IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
- lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers